Author Topic: Islamic Golden Age - Philosophy and Humanities  (Read 607 times)

guest5

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Islamic Golden Age - Philosophy and Humanities
« on: January 26, 2021, 07:56:20 pm »
Islamic Golden Age - Philosophy and Humanities

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90sRetroFan

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Re: Islamic Golden Age - Philosophy and Humanities
« Reply #1 on: January 26, 2021, 10:40:27 pm »
OLD CONTENT

Islamic Rennaissance?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age

---

Firstly, the term "Renaissance" etymologically implies revival after a lapse. The appearance of the Jamia (which has yet to occur) could be accurately called an Islamic Renaissance. The study of Greek classics in Islamic countries cannot accurately be termed an Islamic Renaissance.

Secondly, even the term "Islamic Golden Age" is Eurocentric, and this article explains why:

medium.com/the-maple-leaf-ummah/the-islamic-golden-age-the-biggest-hoax-in-history-a2beaa8b10cc

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Isn’t it an inspiring story? Once upon a time, the magical world of flying carpets and Bangal tigers and bedouin was experiencing something similar (but inferior) to the acme of all human thought: the Enlightenment.

Hard to imagine now, I know, but a long time ago the Arabs and Persians (and whatever else sort-of exists in those unknowable places) were acting almost civilized, almost European. So nearly European, in fact, that we can just go ahead and say they were fully European, and give them their own age.

As long as they stay there.

Yes, I’m talking about the Islamic Golden Age, that beautiful work of Orientalist fiction that is used to explain away the existence of a brief moment of civilization outside of the European sphere of influence.

Why Do I have such disdain for this epithet, you ask? What is an epithet, you ask? Let me tell you.

The Eye of the Beholder

First off, an epithet is a name that someone gives something to describe it, and that is the key here. The ‘Golden Age’ of Islam was not a name given to this undefined period by Muslims, nor Arabs, nor Persians. It was a name bestowed upon those people by Europeans, and it refers to something painfully obvious and insulting to those people.

The Golden Age of Islam is commonly understood to have started with the establishment of Baghdad, especially with the establishment of the House of Wisdom there, and/or various other universities around the same time. The Golden Age then continues until the destruction of Baghdad by the Mongols, or variously until some other event that a historian deems significant enough to condemn two whole continents back to barbarism.

Most tellingly, the Golden Age can most easily be defined as the period of Islamic history that lead most directly to the European Renaissance.

Furthermore, Golden Age Scholars like Avicenna are widely recognized as having contributed to the fields of science, whereas regular old philosophers such as Bukhari, Abu Hanifa or al-Qazwini are largely or completely ignored for no reason other than that their bodies of research were never appropriated by the ‘founders’ of everything good and correct in the world: European thought.

...
So to sum things up: So long as the scholars were working toward a future prosperity in Europe, they were in the Golden Age. As soon as they stopped, they needed to be destroyed for their immorality.

I largely agree. Muslims themselves generally consider the best time in Islamic history (excluding when the Jamia will appear) to be the time when Mohammed himself was still alive, known as the Time of the Companions:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet

If any time deserves to be called an "Islamic Golden Age", it should be that time, not the much later era chosen by Eurocentrists.
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guest5

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Re: Islamic Golden Age - Philosophy and Humanities
« Reply #2 on: January 27, 2021, 12:20:08 am »
Fascinating. Had not even thought of that.

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antihellenistic

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Re: Islamic Golden Age - Philosophy and Humanities
« Reply #4 on: March 07, 2023, 08:47:42 pm »
Ibn Rusyd, the Contributor to the Rise of Western Civilization and Horror of Aristotelianism, or Can be Called as Colonial Era

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According to Ibrahim Madkour, as quoted by Fuad Mahbub Siraj (2012: 91), there are several reasons that raise Western attention to Ibn Rushd's thoughts.

1. Frederick II as a lover of science and philosophy, as well as the founder of the University of Naples, was very interested in Ibn Rushd's comments on Aristotle. He asked Ibn Rushd's comments on Aristotle's thoughts to be translated into Latin, which were then widely spread in Europe.

2. The Jews, adherents of Ibn Rushd's philosophy, attempted to translate Ibn Rushd's works into Hebrew and Latin. Then they acted as intermediaries between Ibn Rushd philosophy and Western (Christian) philosophy

3. Some philosophical researchers think that to understand Aristotle's philosophy, it is best to read the works of Ibn Rushd. Therefore, retranslating Ibn Rushd's works in the 16th is aimed at understanding Aristotle better than Ibn Rushd himself.

Ibn Rushd has a very large contribution to the development of philosophy and medicine in Europe. Some experts have even dubbed Ibn Rushd as the most superior representative of Arabic philosophy and the prince of science, because of his enormous influence on Europe in the Middle Ages and succeeded in planting the seeds of revival in Europe. Ibn Rushd's rational thoughts entered Europe via Spain which was seen as a bridge crossing Arab-Islamic culture to the West. His works were translated from Arabic into Hebrew by Jacob Anatoli, and from Hebrew into Latin by Jacob Mantino and Abraham de Balmes. Other works were translated directly from Arabic into Latin by Michael Scott (Fuad Mahbub Siraj, 2012: 92).

Ernest Renan, Isrel Welfens, and Oliver Leaman noted that Ibn Rushd's philosophy was influential among the Jews through the role of a Jewish philosopher named Moses Maimonides (Musa bin Maimun). For medieval Jewish scholars, Ibn Rushd was almost equal to Aristotle, because without Ibn Rushd, the best commentator on Aristotle, the Jews would not have known Aristotle.

History of Islamic and Western World Thought by Ajat Sudrajat page 238

90sRetroFan

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Re: Islamic Golden Age - Philosophy and Humanities
« Reply #5 on: March 07, 2023, 08:53:57 pm »
See also:

https://trueleft.createaforum.com/questions-debates/debate-with-the-liberals/msg15024/#msg15024

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle#On_medieval_Judaism

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Moses Maimonides (considered to be the foremost intellectual figure of medieval Judaism)[178] adopted Aristotelianism from the Islamic scholars and based his Guide for the Perplexed on it and that became the basis of Jewish scholastic philosophy. Maimonides also considered Aristotle to be the greatest philosopher that ever lived, and styled him as the "chief of the philosophers".[179][180][181] Also, in his letter to Samuel ibn Tibbon, Maimonides observes that there is no need for Samuel to study the writings of philosophers who preceded Aristotle because the works of the latter are "sufficient by themselves and [superior] to all that were written before them. His intellect, Aristotle's is the extreme limit of human intellect, apart from him upon whom the divine emanation has flowed forth to such an extent that they reach the level of prophecy, there being no level higher".[182]
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antihellenistic

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Re: Islamic Golden Age - Philosophy and Humanities
« Reply #6 on: March 10, 2023, 03:33:21 am »
The Famous Islamic Scholars and Philosophers during Caliphate Era were close to Westerners ideologically, not Islamic

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... this philosophical thought began to be seen clearly, especially during the reign of the Abbasids. Interest in Greek thought began with the desire of Muslims at that time to study medicine or the Greek model of medicine, from that encounter it was then continued in other sciences, including philosophy. Attention to philosophy increased during the reign of Caliph Al-Makmun (813-833 AD), son of Harun al-Rashid. In his time, many scientists were sent to the Byzantine Empire to look for manuscripts which were then brought to Baghdad to be translated into Arabic. For the purposes of translation, al-Makmun founded Bait al-Hikmah in Baghdad. This institution was led by a Christian from Hirah named Hunain ibn Ishaq. He had been to Greece and studied Greek. Apart from mastering Arabic and Greek, Hunain also mastered Siriak (Siryani), which at that time was one of the scientific languages. The works translated into Arabic are Aristotle, Plato, and books on neo-Platonism.

History of Islamic and Western World Thought by Ajat Sudrajat page 55 and 56

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Among the Muslim philosophers who have big names include:

1. Al-Kindi (801-866 AD)

The name Al-Kindi is the nisbat for the tribe from which he originated, namely Banu Indah. Banu Kindah is a tribe of Kindah descent which has long occupied the southern region of the Arabian Peninsula. Al-Kindi's full name is Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Ishaq Ash-Shabbah ibn 'Imran ibn Ismail ibn Al-Asy'ats ibn Qays Al-Kindi. He was born in Kufa in 185 AH (801 AD). His father, Ishaq Ash-Shabbah, was governor of Kufa during the reign of Al-Mahdi and Harun al-Rashid from Bani Abbas. His father died a few years after Al-Kindi was born. Because he was the only Muslim philosopher of Arab descent, Al-Kindi was known as Failasuf Al-'Arab.

Al-Kindi's name rose after living in the palace during the reign of Al-Mu'tashim who replaced Al-Makmun in 218 H. (833 AD), because he was trusted to be the personal teacher of Al-Mu'tashim's son, namely Ahmad ibn Al -Mu'tasim. It was at this time that Al-Kindi had the opportunity to write his works, after during Al-Ma'mun's time he had translated Greek books into Arabic. As a philosopher who pioneered the meeting of Greek religion and philosophy, Al-Kindi received many challenges from religious experts. He was accused of belittling and fooling scholars who did not know Greek philosophy. Many slanders were accused of Al-Kindi, especially during the reign of Al-Mutawakkil. Finally Al-Kindi stepped aside from the palace's political turmoil and died in 292 H (866 AD) (Azhar Basyir, 1993:80-81)

...

2. Al-Farabi (872-950 AD)

Another great philosopher in Islam is Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Tarkhan ibn Uzlagh al-Farabi. Al-Farabi was the son of a warlord from the Samani Dynasty (874-999 AD) who ruled in Transoxania and Persia. The name al-Farabi comes from the name of the place where he was born, namely Farab, Transaxonia ; was born in 872 AD, and is of Turkic descent.

As a youth he went to Baghdad, the center of science and philosophy, and he studied philosophy, logic, mathematics, metaphysics, ethics, political science, music, and other things. Al-Farabi had been a student of Bisyr ibn Yunus, one of the translators who assisted Hunain ibn Ishaq at Bait al-Hikmah. From Baghdad then he moved to Aleppo and lived in the Palace of Saif Al-Daulah of the Hamdani dynasty that ruled Syria. It was in this palace that he developed a lot of his thoughts, because this palace was a place for scientists to gather and meet. Among Muslim philosophers, al-Farabi is known as al-Mu'alim al-Tsani (Second Teacher); while the First Teacher (al-Mu'alim al-al-Awwal) was Aristotle.

History of Islamic and Western World Thought by Ajat Sudrajat page 60

How can the Islamic scholars in the past consider Greek western worldview as "philosophy" while not considering Mohammad's teachings philosophy too? Even they consider Aristotle were their main teacher?

« Last Edit: March 10, 2023, 03:42:13 am by antihellenistic »

antihellenistic

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Re: Islamic Golden Age - Philosophy and Humanities
« Reply #7 on: March 14, 2023, 10:05:19 am »
Ibnu Khaldun Reviving Western's Capitalism, Aristotelian's Empiricism and Climate-Racialism. He also Pave the Way to the Rise of Communist Ideology

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Ibn Khaldun, a Muslim philosopher in the 14th century, stated that by nature humans need something to eat. This is needed to equip himself in all circumstances and stages of his life from the first period of his growth to his old age. This statement is complemented by quotations from a number of verses contained in the Qur'an, including in surah al-Jatsiyah (45): 13 which states: "And He has subjected to you all that is in the heavens and on earth, (as a mercy) from Him” (Ibn Khaldun, 1986: 447).

Departing from the verse he quoted above, Ibn Khaldun argues that humans are given the power by God to exploit everything that exists on earth and this sky. Humans have a part of everything that exists in this world. Furthermore, emphasized by Ibn Khaldun, once someone has owned an item, then other people cannot take that item but he must give something of equal value in return. Therefore, when people have earned income, then to obtain other needs and interests of life can be done by exchanging, in economic language it is called bartering or buying and selling (Ibn Khaldun, 1986: 448)

The problem is, if the trade based on equal power all the time, there will be no socialism. That's capitalistic way of economy by nature

History of Islamic and Western World Thought by Ajat Sudrajat page 197 to 198

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Ibn Khaldun's intellectual contribution to the development of Western thought traditions is also very significant. Through the monumental work Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun has contributed scientific methodology in the form of empirical theoretical studies in the field of social sciences. It is this Muslim scholar who should be recognized as the pioneer of empirical sociological studies, not Augustus Comte. In his methodology, Ibn Khaldun places great emphasis on empirical data, theoretical verification, hypothesis testing, and observational methods, all of which are basic principles in Western scientific research and the world in general.

According to Graundy, Ibn Khaldun has shown the influence of climate, geography and economic conditions on the lives of nations. Studying the structure and function of society starts from the division of labor, the role of social solidarity (ashobiyah) in the formation of the state and the destruction of power and proves that differences in the way of seeking life will affect the customs and thoughts of nations. Ibn Khaldun has also provided a theoretical formulation regarding the understanding of historical materialism that has been developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

History of Islamic and Western World Thought by Ajat Sudrajat page 240 to 241

This case on Ibn Khaldun's contribution above is self-explanatory


Islamic Golden Age Eurocentrism and Self-Destruction

90sRetroFan

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Re: Islamic Golden Age - Philosophy and Humanities
« Reply #8 on: March 15, 2023, 02:51:21 am »
"That's capitalistic way of economy by nature"

No, capitalism is about making money from the money you already have.

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once someone has owned an item, then other people cannot take that item but he must give something of equal value in return. Therefore, when people have earned income, then to obtain other needs and interests of life can be done by exchanging, in economic language it is called bartering or buying and selling

It would only be capitalism if "earned income" includes income from capital investments. So long as "earned income" is all income from labour, it is not capitalism, as no one will become richer than their total quantity of labour.
« Last Edit: March 15, 2023, 02:52:59 am by 90sRetroFan »
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IbnHaytham

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Re: Islamic Golden Age - Philosophy and Humanities
« Reply #9 on: March 28, 2023, 03:46:04 pm »
The Dark Origins of the Scientific Method
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500 years before the Scientific Revolution, the mathematician Al-Hassan Ibn al-Haytham spent hours in a dark room studying the light that filtered in. Not only did he revolutionize how we literally see the world, he pioneered the scientific method that is now the backbone of modern science.


Comments:

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Ibn haytham famous quote "The duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads, and ... attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency."
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I learned all of this back in 5th and 6th grade science class. Except change the scientist from Al-Haytham to the more Anglo, Newton. Thank you US education!
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I've been spreading that peice of knowledge for years and little did scientists know of or acknowledge it. Very pleased with this video, keep up the good work 👌
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Excellent video! All those people deserve recognition and credit. Something to think about...the scientific method is actually "built in" to nature. Without the ability to detect/observe, make and remember a choice, and then later learn from a bad choice or repeat a good or better choice, nothing could propagate itself. Plants, animals  and early humans have been doing these things since they started to exist (and yes, plants do "behave" by avoiding things that are harmful to them and being attracted to things that are good for their survival, like growing towards sunlight). The earliest humans had to observe what they were hunting, test different techniques, abandon those that didn't work and perfect those that did. Same thing a pack of wolves had to do to survive. Nature is "running experiments" all the time. In that sense, the "scientific method" is as old as nature itself. Thanks for the great video!

Wolves are scavengers. Both plants and wolves teach human-beings that you do not need to murder other beings in-order to survive nature's "running experiment"...

antihellenistic

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Quote
Excellent video! All those people deserve recognition and credit. Something to think about...the scientific method is actually "built in" to nature. Without the ability to detect/observe, make and remember a choice, and then later learn from a bad choice or repeat a good or better choice, nothing could propagate itself. Plants, animals  and early humans have been doing these things since they started to exist (and yes, plants do "behave" by avoiding things that are harmful to them and being attracted to things that are good for their survival, like growing towards sunlight). The earliest humans had to observe what they were hunting, test different techniques, abandon those that didn't work and perfect those that did. Same thing a pack of wolves had to do to survive. Nature is "running experiments" all the time. In that sense, the "scientific method" is as old as nature itself. Thanks for the great video!

Therefore, empiricism is part of Yahweh rule

antihellenistic

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Ibn Khaldun's Empirical Theory was Contrary to Islamic Teachings

It teaches scientific racialism rather than racial unification. He closer to Aristotle rather than Prophet Mohammad

If don't have time to read all the quoted contents, just read the sentences which given in bold and red color

Last Edited on 4/22/2023

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The inhabitants of the zones that are far from temperate, such as the first, second, sixth, and seventh zones, are also farther removed from being temperate in all their conditions. Their buildings are of clay and reeds. Their foodstuffs are durra and herbs. Their clothing is the leaves of trees, which they sew together to cover themselves, or animal skins. Most of them go naked. The fruits and seasonings of their countries are strange and inclined to be intemperate. In their business dealings, they do not use the two noble metals, but copper, iron, or skins, upon which they set a value for the purpose of business dealings. Their qualities of character, moreover, are close to those of dumb animals. It has even been reported that most of the Negroes of the first zone dwell in caves and thickets, eat herbs, live in savage isolation and do not congregate, and eat each other. The same applies to the Slavs. The reason for this is that their remoteness from being temperate produces in them a disposition and character similar to those of the dumb animals, and they become correspondingly remote from humanity.

(Page 120)

The inhabitants of the middle zones are temperate in their physique and character and in their ways of life. They have all the natural conditions necessary for a civilized life, such as ways of making a living, dwellings, crafts, sciences, political leadership, and royal authority. They thus have had prophecy, religious groups, dynasties, religious laws, sciences, countries, cities, buildings, horticulture, splendid crafts, and everything else that is temperate.

Now, among the inhabitants of these zones about whom we have historical information are, for instance, the Arabs, the Byzantines (Rum), the Persians, the Israelites, the Greeks, the Indians, and the Chinese. When genealogists noted differences between these nations, their distinguishing marks and characteristics, they considered these to be due to their different descents. They declared all the Negro inhabitants of the south to be descendants of Ham. They had misgivings about their colour and therefore undertook to report the aforementioned silly story. They declared all or most of the inhabitants of the north to be the descendants of Japheth, and they declared most of the temperate nations, who inhabit the central regions, who cultivate the sciences and crafts, and who possess religious groups and religious laws as well as political leadership and royal authority, to be the descendants of Shem. Even if the genealogical construction were correct, it would be the result of mere guesswork, not of cogent, logical argumentation

(Page 123)

...

We have seen that Negroes are in general characterized by levity, excitability, and great emotionalism. They are found eager to dance whenever they hear a melody. They are everywhere described as stupid. The real reason for these opinions is that, as has been shown by philosophers in the proper place, joy and gladness are due to expansion and diffusion of the animal spirit. Sadness is due to the opposite, namely, contraction and concentration of the animal spirit. It has been shown that heat expands and rarefies air and vapours and increases their quantity. A drunken person experiences inexpressible joy and gladness, because the vapour of the spirit in his heart is pervaded by natural heat, which the power of the wine generates in his spirit. The spirit, as a result, expands, and there is joy. Likewise, when those who enjoy a hot bath inhale the air of the bath, so that the heat of the air enters their spirits and makes them hot, they are found to experience joy. It often happens that they start singing, as singing has its origin in gladness.

Now, Negroes live in the hot zone. Heat dominates their temperament and formation. Therefore, they have in their spirits an amount of heat corresponding to that in their bodies and that of the zone in which they live. In comparison with the spirits of the inhabitants of the fourth zone, theirs are hotter and, consequently, more expanded. As a result, they are more quickly moved to joy and gladness, and they are merrier. Excitability is the direct consequence.

(Page 125)

...

...the Negro nations are, as a rule, submissive to slavery, because (Negroes) have little that is (essentially) human and possess attributes that are quite similar to those of dumb animals, as we have stated.

(Page 199)

...

Under the rule of Bedouins, their subjects live as in a state of anarchy, without law. Anarchy destroys mankind and ruins civilization, since, as we have stated, the existence of royal authority is a natural quality of man. It alone guarantees their existence and social organization

(Page 201)

...

It is noteworthy how civilization always collapsed in places the Bedouins took over and conquered, and how such settlements were depopulated and laid in ruin. The Yemen where Bedouins live is in ruins, except for a few cities. Persian civilization in the Arab ‘Irâq is likewise completely ruined. The same applies to contemporary Syria. Formerly, the whole region between the Sudan and the Mediterranean was settled. This is attested to by the relics of civilization there, such as monuments, architectural sculpture, and the visible remains of villages and hamlets

(Page 202)

...

We have said before that desert civilization is inferior to urban civilization, because not all the necessities of civilization are to be found among the people of the desert. They do have some agriculture at home but do not possess the materials that belong to it, most of which (depend on) crafts. They do not have any carpenters, tailors, blacksmiths, or others (who) would provide them with the necessities required for making a living in agriculture and other things.

Likewise, they do not have (coined) money. They have the equivalent of it in harvested grain, in animals, and in animal products such as milk, wool, (camel’s) hair, and hides, which the urban population needs and pays the Bedouins money for. However, while (the Bedouins) need the cities for their necessities of life, the urban population needs (the Bedouins) for conveniences and luxuries. Thus, as long as they live in the desert and have not acquired royal authority and control of the cities, the Bedouins need the inhabitants (of the latter). They must be active in behalf of their interests and obey them whenever (the cities) ask and demand obedience from them. (Page 205) - Ibn Khaldun

Source :

1. Ibn Khaldun The Muqaddimah An Introduction to History Translated and Introduced by Franz Rosenthal Abriged and Edited by N.J. Dawood With a new introduction by Bruce B. Lawrence. BOLLINGEN SERIES PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD (2005 Edition). Page 120, 123, 125, 199, 201, 202, 205

https://ia903106.us.archive.org/22/items/etaoin/The%20Muqaddimah%20%E2%80%93%20An%20Introduction%20to%20History%20by%20Ibn%20Khaldun.pdf

2. The Muqaddimah, An Introduction to History by Ibn Khaldun, 1332-1406; Rosenthal, Franz, 1914- ed; Dawood, N. J., ed.  [Princeton, N.J.] Princeton University Press (1969). Page 59, 61, 63, 117, 119, 122   

https://archive.org/details/muqaddimahintrod00ibnk
« Last Edit: April 21, 2023, 06:29:45 pm by antihellenistic »

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This part:

Quote
Under the rule of Bedouins, their subjects live as in a state of anarchy, without law. Anarchy destroys mankind and ruins civilization, since, as we have stated, the existence of royal authority is a natural quality of man. It alone guarantees their existence and social organization

...

It is noteworthy how civilization always collapsed in places the Bedouins took over and conquered, and how such settlements were depopulated and laid in ruin. The Yemen where Bedouins live is in ruins, except for a few cities. Persian civilization in the Arab ‘Irâq is likewise completely ruined. The same applies to contemporary Syria. Formerly, the whole region between the Sudan and the Mediterranean was settled. This is attested to by the relics of civilization there, such as monuments, architectural sculpture, and the visible remains of villages and hamlets

...

We have said before that desert civilization is inferior to urban civilization, because not all the necessities of civilization are to be found among the people of the desert. They do have some agriculture at home but do not possess the materials that belong to it, most of which (depend on) crafts. They do not have any carpenters, tailors, blacksmiths, or others (who) would provide them with the necessities required for making a living in agriculture and other things.

Likewise, they do not have (coined) money. They have the equivalent of it in harvested grain, in animals, and in animal products such as milk, wool, (camel’s) hair, and hides, which the urban population needs and pays the Bedouins money for. However, while (the Bedouins) need the cities for their necessities of life, the urban population needs (the Bedouins) for conveniences and luxuries. Thus, as long as they live in the desert and have not acquired royal authority and control of the cities, the Bedouins need the inhabitants (of the latter). They must be active in behalf of their interests and obey them whenever (the cities) ask and demand obedience from them.

is Mohammedan:

http://aryanism.net/wp-content/uploads/bedouinism.jpg

(Anti-Bedouinism is a minor aspect of anti-Turanism. Obviously desert herding (involving less numerous herds) exerts much weaker selective pressure for Turanian traits than steppe herding, but it is reasonable to expect that the selective pressure is still broadly in the same direction.)
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antihellenistic

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Islamic Golden Age - Philosophy and Humanities


(Minute 16 : 05 until 16 : 12)

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It's tough to conceive of western civilization without the contributions of the Muslim philosophers of the Islamic Golden Age.
« Last Edit: May 03, 2023, 08:43:11 am by antihellenistic »

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