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Sesame seed is considered to be the oldest oilseed crop known to humanity.[6] The genus has many species, and most are wild.[3] Most wild species of the genus Sesamum are native to sub-Saharan Africa.[3] S. indicum, the cultivated type,[5][16] originated in India.[12][17][3]

Archaeological remnants of charred sesame dating to about 3500-3050 BCE suggest sesame was domesticated in the Indian subcontinent at least 5500 years ago.[18][19] It has been claimed that trading of sesame between Mesopotamia and the Indian subcontinent occurred by 2000 BC.[20] It is possible that the Indus Valley civilization exported sesame oil to Mesopotamia, where it was known as ilu in Sumerian and ellu in Akkadian.[21]