True Left
History => Colonial Era => Topic started by: guest5 on October 24, 2020, 05:09:31 pm
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How British colonialism designed modern global power | Al Jazeera Untangles
A masterclass in maritime power and corporate reach. From the legacy of the Armada to the rise of the East India Company, Britain fuses naval supremacy with global trade control and divide-and-rule governance. Case studies include India, Africa, and Atlantic circuits.
#aljazeera #britishempire #colonialism #colonialhistory #aljazeerauntangles #british #history #india #africa #britain #aljazeeraenglish
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWq5o7X8OLI
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Scandinavia-worshipping False Leftists need to pay attention:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ri20jd4iFk
NEVER FORGIVE. NEVER FORGET.
And Norway:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_possessions_of_Norway
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History's Worst Archaeologists.
History’s “greatest” archaeologists caused catastrophic damage. From blown-up cities to concrete “restorations” and brazen looting, uncover the shocking true stories behind archaeology’s most destructive figures.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GwHQMirzP4s
Comments:
What's an archaeologist?
A man who's career is in ruins😅😅
The British Museum - the world's biggest collection of other peoples' stuff.
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He says it is "not science". Actually, deriving knowledge from experimentation is exactly what empirical science is.
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This one was just stating historical facts. Any untruths?
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https://trueleft.createaforum.com/true-left-vs-false-left/false-leftists-getting-leftism-wrong/msg31114/#msg31114
I'm not saying don't post his videos, but you should also critique them as you post them.
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www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmbHt8iILgI
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www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dqjnv0cSJsE
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The trade in human skulls from the colonial era - A disturbing legacy | DW Documentary
"African human skull, early 20th century, 2,000 euros." Adverts like this can be seen on social media. The trade is legal in Germany, even when the skulls date from the German colonial era.
This reportage reveals the questionable nature of this trade in skulls -- especially when their origin becomes clear. Thousands of human skulls were shipped to Germany during the colonial era, in a bid to support so-called racial research theories. Some of them came from plundered graves, or were cut from the dead. For dealers at a market for curiosities on the German-Belgian border, the violent backstory is even made into a selling point.
Customs expert Daniel Bein says the trade in human skulls is not prohibited per se. But politicians are now evaluating the issue, and plan to introduce legislation that will ban private trade in human skulls and bones.
The filmmakers conduct research at home and abroad, visit an international market for human skulls, meet one of the largest dealers in London and speak to buyers in Germany. They also accompany people who are themselves searching for the skulls of their ancestors, to bring them back to their homeland.
#documentary #dwdocumentary #dwdocs #germany #colonialhistory #africa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxkCaBWTlho
A Westerner will be quick to point out how the indigenous "cannabilistic savages" of the jungle need be civilized via Judeo-Christianity, whilst themselves being the most ignoble savages that have ever existed...
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Weisberg#Early_life_and_education
Weisberg grew up in a Jewish family in Chicago,[9] the son of civil rights attorney Bernard Weisberg and former Commissioner of Cultural Affairs Lois Weisberg.[2] He is the younger brother of Slate Group editor-in-chief Jacob Weisberg.[2]
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An ethical US government would make Yale the national property of India. Then it could offer to buy it back from India. This would in effect return the stolen money to India effectively adjusted for inflation. Finally, it should rename the university.
"Every Indian-origin American should seek the destruction of Yale."
What you should be seeking the destruction of is not the university (see above), but the bloodline:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Yale_family
(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Coat_of_Arms_of_David_Yale.svg/682px-Coat_of_Arms_of_David_Yale.svg.png)
Additionally, you could seek the destruction of:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Club
Elihu Club or Elihu is the fourth oldest senior society at Yale University, New Haven, CT.[1][2][3] It was founded in 1903 and takes its name from Elihu Yale.[4][5][3]
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In 1911, the club purchased a colonial-era house which looks out on the New Haven Green.[14][15] It is considered a landed society because it owns a building on campus.[16] Like the other societies, the organization's building is typically closed to non-members.
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This house is the oldest of all of Yale's secret society buildings, and purportedly one of the oldest original structures in the United States still in regular use. Its brick basement is older still, constructed in the early 17th century, and later frequented by colonists sympathetic to the English cause when it became known as the Tory Tavern, a central locale of the Revolutionary War.[27]
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Originally, Elihu had no limit on the number of members that could be tapped in a given year; its only rule was that these men not be a member of the other secret societies: Scroll and Key, Skull and Bones, and Wolf's Head.[8]
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Joseph Lieberman was courted by Skull and Bones
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Lieberman rejected Bones in favor of Elihu
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Jacob Weisberg, was offered membership in Skull and Bones
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Weisberg was persuaded by Robert G. Kaiser to join Elihu instead.[34]
Recall:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lieberman
His family is Jewish; his paternal grandparents emigrated from Congress Poland and his maternal grandparents were from Austria-Hungary.[9]
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Lieberman was a strong advocate for the war in Iraq.[138] He was also a strong supporter of the U.S.-Israel relationship.[139]
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Lieberman described himself as being "genuinely an Independent", saying "I agree more often than not with Democrats on domestic policy. I agree more often than not with Republicans on foreign and defense policy."[145]
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Lieberman expressed support for Israel in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and praised "the quiet and effective diplomacy of President Biden, who was not drawn in by the left of the Democratic Party to essentially take a stand against Israel."[154]
As for Weisberg, the Zionist bias of Slate is common knowledge.
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https://x.com/ByRakeshSimha/status/1762945560515150235?t=KJeARNxBl1kbwxacHx4O4g&s=19
Yale University was founded with money looted from Bharat. Elihu Yale was a clerk in the East India Company's Madras office. He amassed so much wealth through corruption, slave trade and loot that the British fired him. The Collegiate School of Connecticut requested Yale for funds to avert insolvency. Yale agreed and they named the college after him.
Every Indian-origin American should seek the destruction of Yale. Alas, studying at Ivy Leagues is seen as a status marker for Indian origin Americans.
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Nearly all the world history books produced during the 1980s and early 1990s that Bentley examines focus on how Europeans came to establish economic, cultural, and ecological hegemony over the world and how non-European cultures sometimes “succumbed” to European “numbers, weapons, and disease” but occasionally fought heroically against European “deculturation.” Among his favourites is Daniel Headrick’s three-volume Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century; The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850–1940; and The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and International Politics, 1851– 1945. He says of these volumes that they “explore the technological dimension of European imperialism….how Europeans rapidly extended their influence throughout the world during the age of the new imperialism” (19). Even books on the history of tiny islands, informed by ethnographic insights such as Greg Dening’s Islands and Beaches: Discourses on a Silent Land: Marquesas, 1774–1880 (1988) and David Hanlon’s Upon a Stone Altar: A History of the Island of Pohnpei to 1890 (1988), are celebrated as “world histories” insomuch as they discuss how “Europeans approached the islands in large numbers equipped with firearms, alcohol, and exotic diseases,” and how the cultures of these islands were destroyed by white settlements, weapons, and diseases (25). Works on the indigenous peoples of North America are also listed as insightful studies of a hemispheric encounter that “brought demographic collapse, ecological imbalance, dependence on trade goods from abroad, heightened intertribal tensions, psychological despair, alcoholism, and deculturation” (26).
Source :
The Uniqueness of Western Civilization by Ricardo Duchesne page 55
Recall :
(https://64.media.tumblr.com/cbcdea24e0875779c5839a9488b4132d/a7a33b49013a0379-2d/s1280x1920/a6820c96e777465c0b4f594a77087a5246f50d8c.jpg)
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ClIajkFSuc
Never forgive, never forget
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https://twitter.com/bookdellector/status/1727801899171139630
Europeans love to deny genocides.
Mostly because they make them look bad.
So, I thought I’ll compile a continuous list because I’m kinda all for it when Europeans are remembered for who they really are: pale monsters.
Easy-to-read version:
https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1727801899171139630.html
This seems like a promising account in general:
https://twitter.com/bookdellector
endthewest
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106th anniversary of the Balfour Declaration: Britain’s original sin
The war on Gaza comes on the 106th anniversary of the Balfour Declaration - which changed the lives of Palestinians forever.
For centuries, the Ottoman Empire controlled Palestine, until it was conquered in 1917 by advancing British troops during the first world war.
The British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour, wrote a letter to a prominent member of the British Jewish community saying his government was in favour of 'the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish People. At that time, only 8% of Palestine's population was Jewish.
The letter also said, "nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine".
But after the war ended in 1918, the newly created League of Nations "mandated" Palestine to British control, with the language of the Balfour declaration written in.
And in 1948, after the second world war, British occupiers left Palestine, the newly-formed United Nations declared the creation of the state of Israel, and more than 700,000 Palestinians lost their land.
To explain more about this, Mahjoub Zweiri joins us here in our Studio. He's a Professor of Middle East Politics at Qatar University.
https://youtu.be/XE4OFWqSieY?si=ls-9UKU1FdV6R2jE
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https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/13/nations-where-3-3bn-live-spend-more-on-debt-than-health-schools
It's OK for debt slavery to be jewish/"white"
Nations where 3.3bn live spend more on debt than health, schools
Approximately 3.3 billion people – almost half of humanity – now live in countries that spend more money paying interest on their debts than on education or health, according to a new United Nations report.
“Half our world is sinking into a development disaster, fuelled by a crushing debt crisis,” UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres told a press conference launching a report on Wednesday on the state of the world’s debt.
“In 2022, global public debt reached a record $92 trillion and developing countries shoulder a disproportionate amount,” the UN chief said.
Because such a “crushing debt crisis” is concentrated mostly in poor developing countries, it is “not judged to pose a systemic risk to the global financial system”, Guterres said.
“This is a mirage,” he said.
Financial markets may seem not to be suffering yet – but billions of people are and the levels of public debt “are staggering and surging”, he added.
“In Africa, the amount spent on interest payments is higher than spending on either education or health. Developing countries in Asia and Oceania [excluding China] are allocating more funds to interest payments than to health,” the report states.
“Similarly, in Latin America and the Caribbean, developing countries are devoting more money to interest payments rather than to investment. Across the world, rising debt burdens are keeping countries from investing in sustainable development,” it adds.
Guterres said a growing share of debt is held by private creditors who charge sky-high interest rates to developing countries.
As an example, he cited African countries that on average pay four times more for borrowing than the United States and eight times more than the wealthiest European countries.
“Another 16 are paying unsustainable interest rates to private creditors [and] a total of 52 countries – almost 40 percent of the developing world – are in serious debt trouble.”
UN trade chief Rebeca Grynspan stressed on Wednesday “the sheer magnitude and speed at which public debt has grown”, pointing to a more than fivefold surge since 2000, “significantly outpacing global GDP [gross domestic product] growth that has only tripled in the same period”.
The evil practise of usury needs to be permanently abolished, and all usurer's should be exterminated.
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https://www.timescolonist.com/islander/monique-keiran-canada-day-was-humiliation-day-for-chinese-immigrants-7226248
Canada Day was 'Humiliation Day' for Chinese immigrants
Immigration has driven population growth in this country since 1995. About one-quarter of us have experienced being a landed immigrant or permanent resident in Canada at some point in our lives. StatsCan tells us this was the largest proportion since Confederation.
With sustained immigration levels since the 1980s, Canada’s diversity has increased. The 2021 census counted more than 450 ethnic and cultural origins, 200 places of birth, 100 religions and 450 languages (more than 70 of which were the languages of our own Indigenous peoples) among Canada’s residents.
By the early 2040s, half of Canada’s population will comprise immigrants and their Canadian-born children.
A different story was playing out 100 years ago. Canada was encouraging immigration then — until last year set a record for the proportion of Canadians who had been immigrants, 1921 had held the honours — but only certain immigrants were welcome back then.
Those welcome were white, of European ancestry, and preferably either spoke English or came from countries renowned for growing grain. Knowing the words to God Save the King was a bonus.
As for other groups, July 1, 1923, demonstrated how welcome some of those were.
While Canadians paraded in the streets, waved flags, and celebrated Dominion Day and the opportunities this country offered them, Canada’s Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, came into effect. Also known as the Chinese Exclusion Act, it prevented all Chinese not born in Canada — except diplomats, some businesspeople and university students — from coming to Canada.
And it applied not just to Chinese nationals but to people of Chinese descent who were British citizens. Predating the draconian apartheid laws of South Africa by 25 years, the Exclusion Act required all Chinese living in Canada, even those born here, to register with the government and carry photo identification as evidence of their compliance with the regulations of the act, or risk fines, detainment or deportation.
The effect was immediate. Wives and children of Chinese men already in Canada could not join them. The lack of Chinese women in Canada limited the Chinese community’s growth. Many older men retired to China after the act came into effect, and during the Great Depression, unemployed Chinese were encouraged to return to China.
Because of the timing of the act’s implementation, Chinese-Canadians at the time referred to Dominion Day (now Canada Day) as “Humiliation Day.”
Leading the push for the Chinese [anti-] Immigration Act was British Columbia, which had seen the greatest amount of Chinese immigration of all provinces. Many of these immigrants were invited. Canada needed cheap labour to build railways through hazardous, forbidding mountain terrain, dig ditches in cities, be servants to middle- and upper-class families and shovel manure.
In short, they needed desperate people to come to Canada to do dirty, dangerous and poorly paid work that nobody else wanted to do.
But when these new Canadians and their kids starting opening grocery stores, restaurants, laundries and successful freight businesses, white Canadians felt threatened.
Hostility increased after the First World War. Poor economic conditions were blamed on visible minorities. Veterans’ associations and trade unions feared that Chinese workers would underbid other groups of workers, limiting employment opportunities for European Canadians.
Political leaders in B.C. responded. Some developed and applied community-based “solutions.” George Jay, a white British immigrant, lawyer and Victoria School Board chair, helped develop a policy that required students of Chinese descent to pass an English test before they could attend public school in Victoria — a policy that didn’t apply to children of other nationalities. In 1920, he moved more than 200 Chinese students attending public schools — even those who spoke perfect English — to segregated facilities on Kings Road and in Rock Bay, sparking a year-long strike by Victoria’s Chinese students.
(The Greater Victoria School District decided in 2020 to rename the elementary school Jay had named for himself. The new name is not yet decided.)
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https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-65926622
It's OK for deportation to be "white".
Windrush: Hundreds with chronic and mental illness sent back to Caribbean
Hundreds of long-term sick and mentally ill people from the Windrush generation were sent back to the Caribbean in what has been described as a "historic injustice", the BBC has found.
Formerly classified documents reveal at least 411 people were sent back between the 1950s and the early 1970s, under a scheme that was meant to be voluntary.
Families say they were ripped apart and some were never reunited.
The revelations - which echo the Windrush scandal, in which hundreds of Commonwealth citizens, many from the Caribbean, were wrongly deported - have sparked calls for a public inquiry into the repatriation policy.
Those sent back were among thousands who moved from British colonies to the UK in the decades after World War Two. They were known as the Windrush generation, named after one of the first ships to arrive in the UK, the HMT Empire Windrush. This year will mark the 75th anniversary of the first arrivals.
BBC News has now unearthed documents in the National Archives revealing the scale of the policy. Some experts now think the scheme may have been unlawful because not all the patients had the mental capacity to agree to leave.
June Armatrading's father, Joseph, was one of those sent back.
Like other people from the Caribbean who travelled to the UK after the war, Joseph was British. His birthplace - St Kitts - was a British colony and still administered directly from London, and he was a British passport holder.
Joseph arrived in the UK in 1954 and lived in Nottingham with his wife and five daughters. However, he began struggling with his mental health in the 1960s and was diagnosed with paranoid psychosis. In 1966, he was returned to St Kitts. He never saw his family again.
June, who is now 65, said her mother told her and her sisters their father had "abandoned" them.
She grew up always believing her father didn't love them, causing her a "massive, big heartbreak".
Yet the BBC has seen a letter, written by Joseph, asking to return to the UK so he could rejoin his family. Little is known about what happened to Joseph after this.
And in previously confidential letters, government officials admitted the procedure of repatriating Mr Armatrading had "not been correct". He had been wrongly stripped of his passport, the papers revealed.
When we showed the letters to Ms Armatrading, she was shocked.
"I'm upset. It's upsetting, it's really upsetting… how dare they?" she said. "This was a vulnerable man. You're supposed to look after your vulnerable people, and they didn't. They just left him - they abandoned him."
"The intent and effect of legislation that was passed in that period [1960s and 70s] was to restrict some kinds of migration and not other kinds. It was primarily aimed at what was referred to at the time as 'coloured immigration'."
"Lives have been destroyed. The state now owes it to the descendants of people to provide them with answers and some sort of redress."
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https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/nicaragua-govt-accuses-catholic-church-money-laundering-freezes-accounts-2023-05-27/
Nicaragua accuses Catholic Church of money laundering, freezes accounts
Nicaraguan police said on Saturday they are investigating several dioceses of the Catholic Church for money laundering, a day after local media reported that the bank accounts of parishes in the Central American country had been frozen.
The police, loyal to the government of President Daniel Ortega which has clashed fiercely with Nicaragua's bishops, said that since May 19 they found "hundreds of thousands of dollars" in Church facilities in various parts of the country.
Investigations "confirmed the unlawful removal of resources from bank accounts that had been ordered by law to be frozen," the police said in a statement.
The police statement said the bank accounts were linked to religious figures convicted of treason and other crimes, and that the investigations confirmed the funds entered the country irregularly.
The police said the investigation also confirmed "other illicit activities, which are still being investigated as part of a money laundering network that has been discovered in the dioceses in different departments."
Last February, a Nicaraguan court sentenced high-profile government critic Bishop Rolando Alvarez to 26 years in prison for treason and cybercrimes, after he refused to board a plane amid the expulsion of 222 other political prisoners.
Ortega also suspended ties with the Vatican in March, shortly after Pope Francis compared his administration to the Nazi dictatorship of Adolf Hitler.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4sSGd2w_rk
NEVER FORGIVE. NEVER FORGET.
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https://youtu.be/paZbSHQXCFs
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How Britain Started the Arab-Israeli Conflict | Free Documentary History
The bitter struggle between Arab and Jew for control of the Holy Land has caused untold suffering in the Middle East for generations. It is often claimed that the crisis originated with Jewish emigration to Palestine and the foundation of the state of Israel. Yet the roots of the conflict are to be found much earlier – in British double-dealing during the First World War. This is a story of intrigue among rival empires; of misguided strategies; and of how conflicting promises to Arab and Jew created a legacy of bloodshed which determined the fate of the Middle East.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXfuqUhzESg
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e1uRhiY-fXM
NEVER FORGIVE. NEVER FORGET.
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After "saving" the world from supposed world domination and concentration camps, the UK sent 10% of the population of Malaya to concentration camps, in order to maintain a hold on their global empire.
The UK and US were, of course, two of the first nations to implement the modern notion of concentration camps, 50 years prior.
The Briggs Plan (Malay: Rancangan Briggs) was a military plan devised by British General Sir Harold Briggs shortly after his appointment in 1950 as Director of Operations during the Malayan Emergency (1948–1960). The plan aimed to defeat the Malayan National Liberation Army by cutting them off from their sources of support amongst the rural population.[1] To achieve this a large programme of forced resettlement of Malayan peasantry was undertaken, under which about 500,000 people (roughly 10% of Malaya's population) were forcibly transferred from their land and moved to newly-constructed settlements known as "New villages".[2] During the Emergency, there were over 400 of these settlements. Furthermore, 10,000 Malaysian Chinese suspected of being communist sympathisers were deported to the People's Republic of China in 1949.[3] The Orang Asli were also targeted for forced relocation by the Briggs Plan because the British believing that they were supporting the communists.[4]
Many of the practices necessary for the Briggs Plan were prohibited by the Geneva Conventions and customary international law which stated that the destruction of property must not happen unless rendered absolutely necessary by military operations.[5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briggs_Plan
The Malayan Emergency, also known as the Anti–British National Liberation War (1948–1960), was a guerrilla war fought in British Malaya between communist pro-independence fighters of the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) and the military forces of the British Empire and Commonwealth. The communists fought to win independence for Malaya from the British Empire and to establish a socialist economy, while the Commonwealth forces fought to combat communism and protect British economic and colonial interests.[1][2][3] The conflict was called the "Anti–British National Liberation War" by the MNLA,[4] but an "Emergency" by the British, as London-based insurers would not have paid out in instances of civil wars.[5]
[...]
During the first couple of years of the war, the British forces responded with a terror campaign characterised by high levels of state coercion against the civilian population.[43] Police corruption and the British military's widespread destruction of farmland and burning of homes belonging to villagers rumored to be helping communists, led to a sharp increase in civilians joining the communist forces.[43]
[...]
During the Malayan Emergency, Britain was the first nation to employ the use of herbicides and defoliants to destroy bushes, food crops, and trees to deprive the insurgents of cover and as part of the food denial campaign in the early 1950s. The 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D (Agent Orange) were used to clear lines of communication and wipe out food crops as part of this strategy and in 1952, trioxone, and mixtures of the aforementioned herbicides, were sent along a number of key roads.
[...]
Britain also set up a "resettlement" programme, which provided a model for the Americans' Strategic Hamlet Program in Vietnam.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency
While many Malayans resisted the Japanese, WWII was of critical importance to the morale of the anti-colonial struggle:
The rout by the Japanese of the British in the early part of World War II. For many Malayans this dispelled a myth of British omnipotence.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstances_prior_to_the_Malayan_Emergency
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Unfortunately, the presenter herself is a False Leftist, as she blames "imperialism" instead of colonialism.
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Scandinavia-worshipping False Leftists need to pay attention:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ri20jd4iFk
NEVER FORGIVE. NEVER FORGET.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egHEsQfvIdw
(https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Cxi8_nzWIAAqJrv.jpg)
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"Human Zoos"
https://twitter.com/africanarchives/status/1373604481972178945?s=20
"Oddly it was Hitler who first banned them"
And now Wikipedia has the audacity to call the German Africa Show a 'human zoo'. Fúcking búllshít.
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https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pal-dadhvav-massacre-boris-johnson-faces-calls-to-apologise-for-colonial-era-massacre-in-india-2905819
British Prime Minister Boris Johnson faces calls to apologise for a colonial-era massacre when he visits Gujarat today, 100 years after as many as 1,200 people were killed protesting against imperial rule.
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According to the Gujarat government, British Major HG Sutton ordered his troops to open fire. "Like a battlefield, the entire area was filled with corpses," it said. Two wells, it added, were "overflowing with bodies".
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Arun Vaghela, head of Gujarat University's history department, has little expectation the British Prime Minister would address the issue.
He has carried out field research at the site and said even 20 years ago residents were still finding old bullets lodged in trees and skeletons in deep wells, into which people had jumped to try and escape.
Further reading:
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-was-the-pal-dadhvav-massacre-whose-centenary-the-gujarat-govt-is-observing-7807499/
The Pal-Dadhvav massacre took place on March 7, 1922, in the Pal-Chitariya and Dadhvaav villages of Sabarkantha district, then part of Idar state.
The day was Amalki Ekadashi, which falls just before Holi, a major festival for tribals. Villagers from Pal, Dadhvav, and Chitariya had gathered on the banks of river Heir as part of the ‘Eki movement’, led by one Motilal Tejawat. The movement was to protest against the land revenue tax (lagaan) imposed on the peasants by the British and feudal lords.
Tejawat, who belonged to Koliyari village in the Mewad region of Rajasthan, had also mobilised Bhils from Kotda Chhavni, Sirohi, and Danta to participate. The impact of the protest was felt in Vijaynagar, Dadhvaav, Poshina and Khedbrahma, which are now talukas of Sabarkantha; the Aravalli districts, Banaskantha and Danta of Banaskantha district; and Kotda Chhavni, Dungarpur, Chittor, Sirohi, Banswada and Udaipur of Rajasthan, all of which were then princely states.
Tejawat had been outlawed by the Udaipur state, which had announced a Rs-500 reward on his head.
The Mewad Bhil Corps (MBC), a paramilitary force raised by the British that was on the lookout for Tejawat, heard of this gathering and reached the spot.
An account in the Gujarati book ‘Gujarat na Krantiteertho’ (Gujarat’s revolution pilgrimages) (2009), written by Gujarat Sahitya Akademi chairperson Vishnu Pandya and his late wife Arti, says, “On a command from Tejawat, nearly 2000 Bhils raised their bows and arrows and shouted in unison- ‘We will not pay the tax’. The MBC commanding officer, HG Sutton, ordered his men to fire upon them. Bullets rained on them but where could they go? There was a stampede.”
Nearly 1,000 tribals (Bhils) fell to bullets, writes Pandya. Pandya’s account, collected from government gazettes and local historians, says others jumped into two wells. Tejawat was shot at twice, but was taken to safety by the villagers on a camel. He later “returned to the spot to christen it ‘Veerbhumi’.”
While the British claimed some 22 people were killed, the Bhils believe 1,200-1,500 of them died. In the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of April 13, 1919, 500-1,000 people are said to have been killed after General Reginald Edward Dyer’s forces opened fire on peaceful protesters.
NEVER FORGIVE. NEVER FORGET.
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The struggle continues:
https://trueleft.createaforum.com/true-left-vs-false-left/true-left-breakthrough-ahimsa/msg10292/#msg10292
It must not end until every British colonialist bloodline has been eliminated.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919. A large peaceful crowd had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab to protest against the arrest of pro-Indian independence leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satya Pal. In response to the public gathering, the British Brigadier-General R. E. H. Dyer surrounded the Bagh with his soldiers. The Jallianwala Bagh could only be exited on one side, as its other three sides were enclosed by buildings. After blocking the exit with his troops, he ordered them to shoot at the crowd, continuing to fire even as the protestors tried to flee. The troops kept on firing until their ammunition was exhausted.[4] Estimates of those killed vary between 379 and 1500+ people [1] and over 1,200 other people were injured of whom 192 were seriously injured.[5][6]
Responses polarized both the British and Indian peoples. Eminent author Rudyard Kipling declared at the time that Dyer "did his duty as he saw it".[7] This incident shocked Rabindranath Tagore, an Indian polymath and the first Asian Nobel laureate, to such an extent that he renounced his knighthood.
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The level of casual brutality, and lack of any accountability, stunned the entire nation,[10] resulting in a wrenching loss of faith of the general Indian public in the intentions of the United Kingdom.[11] The ineffective inquiry, together with the initial accolades for Dyer, fuelled great widespread anger against the British among the Indian populace, leading to the non-cooperation movement of 1920–22.[12] Some historians consider the episode a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India.[13]
Britain has never formally apologised for the massacre
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Massacre
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By mid-afternoon, thousands of Indians had gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh (garden) near the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar. Many who were present had earlier worshipped at the Golden Temple, and were passing through the Bagh on their way home. The Bagh was (and remains today) an open area of six to seven acres, roughly 200 yards by 200 yards in size, and surrounded on all sides by walls roughly 10 feet in height. Balconies of houses three to four stories tall overlooked the Bagh, and five narrow entrances opened onto it, several with lockable gates. During the rainy season, it was planted with crops, but served as a local meeting and recreation area for much of the year.[40] In the center of the Bagh was a samadhi (cremation site) and a large well partly filled with water which measured about 20 feet in diameter.[40]
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Dyer arranged for an aeroplane to overfly the Bagh and estimate the size of the crowd, that he reported was about 6,000, while the Hunter Commission estimates a crowd of 10,000 to 20,000 had assembled by the time of Dyer's arrival.[40][5] Colonel Dyer and Deputy Commissioner Irving, the senior civil authority for Amritsar, took no actions to prevent the crowd assembling, or to peacefully disperse the crowds. This would later be a serious criticism levelled at both Dyer and Irving.
An hour after the meeting began as scheduled at 17:30, Colonel Dyer arrived at the Bagh with a group of 50 troops, including 25 Gurkhas of 1/9 Gurkha Rifles (1st battalion, 9th Gurkha Rifles), 25 Pathans and Baluch and 59th Sindh Rifles.[41] Fifty of them were armed with .303 Lee–Enfield bolt-action rifles. Dyer may have specifically chosen troops from those ethnic groups due to their proven loyalty to the British. He had also brought two armoured cars armed with machine guns; however, the vehicles could not enter the compound through the narrow entrances. The Jallianwala Bagh was surrounded on all sides by houses and buildings and had only five narrow entrances, most kept permanently locked. The main entrance was relatively wide, but was guarded heavily by the troops backed by the armoured vehicles so as to prevent anyone from getting out.
Dyer, without warning the crowd to disperse, blocked the main exits. Dyer ordered his troops to begin shooting toward the densest sections of the crowd in front of the available narrow exits, where panicked crowds were trying to leave the Bagh. Firing continued for approximately ten minutes. Unarmed civilians including men, women, elderly people and children were killed. This incident came to be known as the Amritsar massacre. Cease-fire was ordered only when ammunition supplies were almost exhausted.[42] He stated later that this act "was not to disperse the meeting but to punish the Indians for disobedience."[43]
The following day Dyer stated in a report that "I have heard that between 200 and 300 of the crowd were killed. My party fired 1,650 rounds".[44][42]
Apart from the many deaths directly from the shooting, a number of people died of crushing in the stampedes at the narrow gates or by jumping into the solitary well on the compound to escape the shooting. A plaque, placed at the site after independence, states that 120 bodies were removed from the well. Dyer pushed the curfew time earlier than the usual time, therefore, the wounded could not be moved from where they had fallen and more who had been injured then died during the night.[45]
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The British Government tried to suppress information of the massacre,[51] but news spread in India and widespread outrage ensued; details of the massacre did not become known in Britain until December 1919.[52][53][54]
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Colonel Dyer reported to his superiors that he had been "confronted by a revolutionary army", to which Major General William Beynon replied: "Your action was correct and Lieutenant Governor approves."[56] O'Dwyer requested that martial law should be imposed upon Amritsar and other areas, and this was granted by Viceroy Lord Chelmsford.[57][58]
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"I think it quite possible that I could have dispersed the crowd without firing, but they would have come back again and laughed, and I would have made, what I consider, a fool of myself."[70] Dyer further reiterated his belief that the crowd in the Bagh was one of "rebels who were trying to isolate my forces and cut me off from other supplies. Therefore, I considered it my duty to fire on them and to fire well".[68]
After Mr. Justice Rankin had questioned Dyer, Sir Chimanlal Setalvad enquired:
Sir Chimanlal: Supposing the passage was sufficient to allow the armoured cars to go in, would you have opened fire with the machine guns?
Dyer: I think probably, yes.
Sir Chimanlal: In that case, the casualties would have been much higher?
Dyer: Yes.[68]
Dyer further stated that his intentions had been to strike terror throughout Punjab and in doing so, reduce the moral stature of the "rebels".
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The Hunter Commission did not impose any penal or disciplinary action because Dyer's actions were condoned by various superiors (later upheld by the Army Council).[74]
NEVER FORGIVE. NEVER FORGET.
The first retaliation:
On 13 March 1940, at Caxton Hall in London, Udham Singh, an Indian independence activist from Sunam who had witnessed the events in Amritsar and had himself been wounded, shot and killed Michael O'Dwyer, the Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab at the time of the massacre, who had approved Dyer's action and was believed to have been the main planner.
Some, such as the nationalist newspaper Amrita Bazar Patrika, made statements supporting the killing. The common people and revolutionaries glorified the action of Udham Singh.
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Singh was hanged for the murder on 31 July 1940.
Who else supported the assassination? Axis, of course:
In fascist countries, the incident was used for anti-British propaganda: Bergeret, published in large scale from Rome at that time, while commenting upon the Caxton Hall assassination, ascribed the greatest significance to the circumstance and praised the action of Udham Singh as courageous.[79] The Berliner Börsen Zeitung termed the event "The torch of Indian freedom". German radio reportedly broadcast: "The cry of tormented people spoke with shots."
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A reminder of what happened in China when the 8 countries (mostly from the West and especially Britain and France) invaded China and raided their capital city Peking in the second half of the nineteenth century:
A letter from Victor Hugo to the French government at the time.
https://archive.ph/2012.05.29-020543/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1985_Nov/ai_4003606/
Thanks for sharing. A worthy read. I'll post the contents:
The sack of the Summer Palace
To Captain Butler
Hauteville House,
25 November, 1861
You ask my opinion, Sir, about the China expedition. You consider this expedition to be honourable and glorious, and you have the kindness to attach some consideration to my feelings; according to you, the China expedition, carried out jointly under the flags of Queen Victoria and the Emperor Napoleon, is a glory to be shared between France and England, and you wish to know how much approval I feel I can give to this English and French victory.
Since you wish to know my opinion, here it is:
There was, in a corner of the world, a wonder of the world; this wonder was called the Summer Palace. Art has two principles, the Idea, which produces European art, and the Chimera, which produces oriental art. The Summer Palace was to chimerical art what the Parthenon is to ideal art. All that can be begotten of the imagination of an almost extra-human people was there. It was not a single, unique work like the Parthenon. It was a kind of enormous model of the chimera, if the chimera can have a model. Imagine some inexpressible construction, something like a lunar building, and you will have the Summer Palace. Build a dream with marble, jade, bronze and porcelain, frame it with cedar wood, cover it with precious stones, drape it with silk, make it here a sanctuary, there a harem, elsewhere a citadel, put gods there, and monsters, varnish it, enamel it, gild it, paint it, have architects who are poets build the thousand and one dreams of the thousand and one nights, add gardens, basins, gushing water and foam, swans, ibis, peacocks, suppose in a word a sort of dazzling cavern of human fantasy with the face of a temple and palace, such was this building. The slow work of generations had been necessary to create it. This edifice, as enormous as a city, had been built by the centuries, for whom? For the peoples. For the work of time belongs to man. Artists, poets and philosophers knew the Summer Palace; Voltaire talks of it. People spoke of the Parthenon in Greece, the pyramids in Egypt, the Coliseum in Rome, Notre-Dame in Paris, the Summer Palace in the Orient. If people did not see it they imagined it. It was a kind of tremendous unknown masterpiece, glimpsed from the distance in a kind of twilight, like a silhouette of the civilization of Asia on the horizon of the civilization of Europe.
This wonder has disappeared.
One day two bandits entered the Summer Palace. One plundered, the other burned. Victory can be a thieving woman, or so it seems. The devastation of the Summer Palace was accomplished by the two victors acting jointly. Mixed up in all this is the name of Elgin, which inevitably calls to mind the Parthenon. What was done to the Parthenon was done to the Summer Palace, more thoroughly and better, so that nothing of it should be left. All the treasures of all our cathedrals put together could not equal this formidable and splendid museum of the Orient. It contained not only masterpieces of art, but masses of jewelry. What a great exploit, what a windfall! One of the two victors filled his pockets; when the other saw this he filled his coffers. And back they came to Europe, arm in arm, laughing away. Such is the story of the two bandits.
We Europeans are the civilized ones, and for us the Chinese are the barbarians. This is what civilization has done to barbarism.
Before history, one of the two bandits will be called France; the other will be called England. But I protest, and I thank you for giving me the opportunity! the crimes of those who lead are not the fault of those who are led; Governments are sometimes bandits, peoples never.
The French empire has pocketed half of this victory, and today with a kind of proprietorial naivety it displays the splendid bric-a-brac of the Summer Palace. I hope that a day will come when France, delivered and cleansed, will return this booty to despoiled China.
Meanwhile, there is a theft and two thieves.
I take note.
This, Sir, is how much approval I give to the China expedition.
Photo: Occupation of the Yuanmingyuan or summer palace by British and French troops in 1860, before the palace was destroyed by fire. This imperial residence was situated on Lake Kunming, northwest of Beijing.
COPYRIGHT 1985 UNESCO
COPYRIGHT 2008 Gale, Cengage Learning
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A reminder of what happened in China when the 8 countries (mostly from the West and especially Britain and France) invaded China and raided their capital city Peking in the second half of the nineteenth century:
A letter from Victor Hugo to the French government at the time.
https://archive.ph/2012.05.29-020543/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1985_Nov/ai_4003606/
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More Empires of Dirt videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUfMkIx7Ypg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4GtcMCTm_4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_YDMbLXtx0
Another thing I like about these videos is the camera emphasis on Western architecture alongside the narration of colonial crimes. People must learn to see that they are two aspects of the same Homo Hubris mentality.
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The British Empire: The Good, Bad, and Ugly Details of The World's Largest Empire
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etwnG4-uA18
(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_British_Empire.png/1920px-The_British_Empire.png)
The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power.[1] By 1913 the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23 per cent of the world population at the time,[2] and by 1920 it covered 35,500,000 km2 (13,700,000 sq mi),[3] 24 percent of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its constitutional, legal, linguistic, and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was described as "the empire on which the sun never sets", as it was always daytime in at least one of its territories.[4]
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated,[5] England, France, and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (Britain, following the 1707 Act of Union with Scotland) the dominant colonial power in North America. Britain became the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent after the East India Company's conquest of Mughal Bengal at the Battle of Plassey in 1757.
The American War of Independence resulted in Britain losing some of its oldest and most populous colonies in North America by 1783. British attention then turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. After the defeat of France in the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century and expanded its imperial holdings. The period of relative peace (1815–1914) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon was later described as "Pax Britannica" ("British Peace"). Alongside the formal control that Britain exerted over its colonies, its dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions, such as Asia and Latin America.[6][7] Increasing degrees of autonomy were granted to its white settler colonies, some of which were reclassified as dominions.
By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britain's economic lead. Military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily on its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on its military, financial, and manpower resources. Although the empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I, Britain was no longer the world's pre-eminent industrial or military power. In the Second World War, Britain's colonies in East Asia and Southeast Asia were occupied by the Empire of Japan. Despite the final victory of Britain and its allies, the damage to British prestige helped accelerate the decline of the empire. India, Britain's most valuable and populous possession, achieved independence as part of a larger decolonisation movement, in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire. The Suez Crisis confirmed Britain's decline as a global power, and the transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire.[8][9] Fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, a free association of independent states. Sixteen of these, including the United Kingdom, retain a common monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire
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https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9849065/New-Zealand-apologises-members-Pacific-Island-community-historic-raids.html
Jacinda Ardern has formally apologised to a tearful Pacific Island community for New Zealand's 'racist' 1970s Dawn Raids which saw islanders targeted for deportation in a series of aggressive police crackdowns.
The Dawn Raids saw Pacific Island people captured from 1974 to 1976 in aggressive home raids by authorities to find, convict and deport overstayers, often very early in the morning or late at night.
The apology did not come with any legal changes but many Pacific people say it represented an important first step.
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At the time of the raids, many Pacific people had come to New Zealand on temporary visas to help fill a need for workers in the nation's factories and fields.
Wellington encouraged migration from Pacific islands such as Samoa, Tonga and Fiji after World War II to fill worker shortages as the economy expanded.
But the government appeared to turn on the community by deciding those workers were no longer needed.
People who did not look like white New Zealanders were told they should carry identification to prove they were not overstayers, and were often randomly stopped in the street, or even at schools or churches.
Even though many overstayers at the time were British or American, mainly Pacific people were targeted for deportation.
Pacific people comprised a third of overstayers but represented 86 percent of prosecutions, while Britons and Americans in New Zealand - who also comprised a third of overstayers - saw just five percent of prosecutions in the same period.
Minister for Pacific Peoples William Sio, who emigrated with his family from Samoa to New Zealand in 1969, described the raids as 'racism of the worst kind'.
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'There were no reported raids on any homes of people who were not Pacific; no raids or random stops were exacted towards European people.'
NEVER FORGIVE. NEVER FORGET.
Tongan Princess Mele Siu'ilikutapu Kalaniuvalu Fotofili said the impact of the Dawn Raids had haunted her community for generations.
'We are grateful to your government for making the right decision to apologise,' she said to Ms Ardern. 'To right the extreme, inhumane, racist and unjust treatment, specifically against my community, in the Dawn Raids era.'
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But the princess said the government could do a better job of responding to current immigration needs, a comment which drew sustained applause.
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It's OK for diplomats to be "white":
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUXxWCsi2Rk
NEVER FORGIVE. NEVER FORGET.
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“Exterminate All the Brutes”: Filmmaker Raoul Peck Explores Colonialism & Origins of White Supremacy
A new four-part documentary series, “Exterminate All the Brutes,” delves deeply into the legacy of European colonialism from the Americas to Africa. It has been described as an unflinching narrative of genocide and exploitation, beginning with the colonizing of Indigenous land that is now called the United States. The documentary series seeks to counter “the type of lies, the type of propaganda, the type of abuse, that we have been subject to all of these years,” says director and Haitian-born filmmaker Raoul Peck. “We have the means to tell the real story, and that’s exactly what I decided to do,” Peck says. “Everything is on the table, has been on the table for a long time, except that it was in little bits everywhere. … We lost the wider perspective.”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNup2jlz-KE
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Slavery routes – a short history of human trafficking
The history of slavery did not begin in the cotton fields. It has been going on since the dawn of humanity. Part 1 of this four-part documentary series investigates how Africa became the epicenter of human trafficking.
The first installment of the series "Slavery Routes - A Short History of Human Trafficking" opens the story of the slave trade. By the 7th Century AD, Africa had already become a slave trading hub. Barbarian invaders brought on the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. Less than two centuries later, the Arabs founded an immense empire on its ruins, stretching from the banks of the Indus River to the southern Sahara. Now a new era of systematic slave hunting began, from the Middle East to Africa. At the heart of this network, two major merchant cities stood out. In the North, at the crossroads of the Arabian Peninsula and Africa, Cairo - the most important Muslim city and Africa’s main commercial hub. In the South, Timbuktu, the stronghold of the great West African empires, and point of departure of the trans-Saharan caravans. This documentary tells how, over the course of centuries, sub-Saharan peoples became the most significant "resource" for the biggest human trafficking networks in history.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=InQvC9c-3K8
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The Canadian who Murdered his way Across Africa | Scramble for Africa, Colonialism, British Empire
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upqecXnngIM
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SElZ29Al4Sw
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The Process of BUCK BREAKING!!! Past and Present
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvdpC_ELnok
(https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5dcf166d9fcf671859405960/1584739915108-1124L6ULEHYPQDVB4JJV/ke17ZwdGBToddI8pDm48kFTEgwhRQcX9r3XtU0e50sUUqsxRUqqbr1mOJYKfIPR7LoDQ9mXPOjoJoqy81S2I8N_N4V1vUb5AoIIIbLZhVYxCRW4BPu10St3TBAUQYVKcW7uEhC96WQdj-SwE5EpM0lAopPba9ZX3O0oeNTVSRxdHAmtcci_6bmVLoSDQq_pb/maxresdefault.jpg)
Buck Breaking: The Use of Sexual Violence Against Enslaved Men as Punishment for Wrongdoing
Trigger Warning: buck breaking may have been the worst form of punishment
https://historyofyesterday.com/buck-breaking-the-use-of-sexual-violence-against-enslaved-men-as-punishment-for-wrongdoing-897647489732
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For reference:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16sUeiaE5P0
NEVER FORGIVE. NEVER FORGET.
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"Human Zoos"
https://twitter.com/africanarchives/status/1373604481972178945?s=20
"Oddly it was Hitler who first banned them"
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https://www.reuters.com/article/us-portugal-rights-racism/confront-your-colonial-past-council-of-europe-tells-portugal-idUSKBN2BG138
LISBON (Reuters) - Europe’s top human rights group said on Wednesday that Portugal must do more to confront its colonial past and role in the transatlantic slave trade in order to help fight racism and discrimination in the country today.
The comments by the Council of Europe come as debate in Portugal over how to remember its history heated up in recent months as the country prepares to unveil its first memorial to victims of slavery, in Lisbon.
The memorial - rows of sugar cane painted in black - was designed by Angolan artist Kiluanji Kia Henda and funded by Lisbon council. It will stand in the centre of the city.
From the 15th to the 19th century, Portuguese vessels carried close to 6 million enslaved Africans across the Atlantic, more than any other nation, but up to now Portugal has rarely commented on its past actions and little is taught about its role in slavery in schools.
Rather, Portugal’s colonial era, which saw countries including Angola, Mozambique, Brazil, Cape Verde, East Timor as well as parts of India subjected to Portuguese rule, is often perceived as a source of pride.
“Further efforts are necessary for Portugal to come to terms with past human rights violations to tackle racist biases against people of African descent inherited from a colonial past and historical slave trade,” the Council of Europe said in its yearly report on Portugal, urging Lisbon to rethink how it teaches its colonial history.
Complaints of racial discrimination increased 50% to 655 in 2020 but the figure is likely far below the actual rate of racist incidents, said Secretary of State for Equality Rosa Monteiro.
“Our historical narrative is like a very serious wound that has not been properly treated. And to heal it, we have to talk about what happened,” Monteiro told Reuters, adding the government was preparing a nationwide plan to combat racism.
Recent racially-motivated crimes include a KKK-style torchlight rally, the fatal shooting of a Black actor by a white man on the street and e-mailed threats to Black lawmakers.
Portugal is preparing its first ever official survey this year asking people about their ethnic background. The border service said in 2019 there were 103,346 Africans officially resident in Portugal while the biggest migrant community is from Brazil, numbering 151,304 people.
The Council of Europe also expressed concern at the rise in racist rhetoric in political discourse, singling out the far-right Chega party.
Chega’s sole lawmaker Andre Ventura has made public derogatory remarks against ethnic minorities, including against prominent anti-racism activist Mamadou Ba, who last month was the target of a petition asking for his deportation for stating the death of a colonial officer should not be commemorated.
“We are not trying to rewrite history - we are saying the history we tell today is not enough,” Ba said at a protest on Sunday. “We want a history that represents all Portuguese.”
(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Diachronic_map_of_the_Portuguese_Empire_%281415-1999%29.png/800px-Diachronic_map_of_the_Portuguese_Empire_%281415-1999%29.png)
NEVER FORGIVE. NEVER FORGET.
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https://www.yahoo.com/news/black-scholar-time-france-confronts-075421431.html
Black scholar: It's time France confronts its colonial past
“The French are highly reluctant to look at the dark dimensions of their own history,” Pap Ndiaye told The Associated Press in his museum, initially built to display colonial exploits but now meant to showcase the role of immigration in shaping modern France.
Ndiaye was named to head France’s National Museum of the History of Immigration at a crucial time, as his country is under pressure to reassess its colonial history and offer better opportunities for its citizens of color, in the wake of Black Lives Matter and other racial justice movements.
Following George Floyd’s death in the U.S. last year, thousands took to the streets in Paris and across the country expressing anger at racism and discrimination in French society, particularly toward people from the country’s former colonies in Africa.
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“I know many French people would say that slavery is something that happened in the United States when slavery did not really happen in France or on a much smaller scale — which is not the case. The main difference between France and the U.S. is that slavery was overseas (in French colonies), very far from the mainland.”
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The Palais de la Porte Doree, which houses the museum in the east of Paris, is in itself a strong testimony from France’s colonial era.
Built for the Paris Colonial Exposition of 1931, it aimed to present the French colonies in a favorable light.
Amid other propaganda, Ndiaye said, a monumental fresco in the main hall of the museum was meant to convince the public “that colonization is good for the colonized themselves, that they enjoy being colonized by the French because of the civilizing mission of the French Empire.”
The fresco still stands, as a reminder. Visitors will be able to “measure the gap between the official discourse on colonization at that time... and the reality,” he said. “A reality of violence, a reality of oppression, a reality of domination.”
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The permanent exhibition will start from 1685, when King Louis XIV passed the Code Noir, or Black Code, legislation meant to regulate the conditions of slavery in French colonies. It legalized the brutal treatment of slaves and foresaw capital punishment for offences including striking a “master.”
The display will focus on France’s colonial Empire that once included a large part of northern and western Africa and other territories in the Caribbean, the Middle East and south-east Asia.
(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/EmpireFrench.png/800px-EmpireFrench.png)
NEVER FORGIVE. NEVER FORGET.
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How Giving Up Refined Sugar Changed My Brain
Consuming refined sugar can impact mood, decision-making, and memory. Here’s how good it can be to give it up.
https://getpocket.com/explore/item/how-giving-up-refined-sugar-changed-my-brain?utm_source=pocket-newtab
In August 1492, Christopher Columbus collected sugar cane samples in La Gomera in the Canary Islands, and introduced it to the New World.[30] The cuttings were planted and the first sugar-cane harvest in Hispaniola took place in 1501. Many sugar mills had been constructed in Cuba and Jamaica by the 1520s.[31] The Portuguese took sugar cane to Brazil. By 1540, there were 800 cane-sugar mills in Santa Catarina Island and another 2,000 on the north coast of Brazil, Demarara, and Surinam. It took until 1600 for Brazilian sugar production to exceed that of São Tomé, which was the main center of sugar production in sixteenth century.[23]
German chemists Andreas Sigismund Marggraf and Franz Karl Achard (pictured) both laid the foundation of the modern sugar industry
Sugar was a luxury in Europe until the early 19th century, when it became more widely available, due to the rise of beet sugar in Prussia, and later in France under Napoleon.[32] Beet sugar was a German invention, since, in 1747, Andreas Sigismund Marggraf announced the discovery of sugar in beets and devised a method using alcohol to extract it.[33] Marggraf's student, Franz Karl Achard, devised an economical industrial method to extract the sugar in its pure form in the late 18th century.[34][35] Achard first produced beet sugar in 1783 in Kaulsdorf, and in 1801, the world's first beet sugar production facility was established in Cunern, Silesia (then part of Prussia).[36] The works of Marggraf and Achard were the starting point for the sugar industry in Europe,[37] and for the modern sugar industry in general, since sugar was no longer a luxury product and a product almost only produced in warmer climates.[38]
Sugar became highly popular and by the 19th century, sugar came to be considered[by whom?] a necessity. This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient resulted in major economic and social changes.[39] Demand drove, in part, the colonization of tropical islands and areas where labor-intensive sugarcane plantations and sugar manufacturing could be successful. The demand for cheap labor to perform the labor-intensive cultivation and processing increased the European demand for enslaved Africans.[citation needed]
After slavery was abolished, the demand for workers in European colonies in the Caribbean was filled by indentured laborers from Indian subcontinent.[40][41][42] Millions of enslaved or indentured laborers were brought to various European colonies in the Americas, Africa and Asia (as a result of demand in Europe for among other commodities, sugar), influencing the ethnic mixture of numerous nations around the globe.[43][44][45]
Sugar also led to some industrialization of areas where sugar cane was grown. For example, in the 1790s Lieutenant J. Paterson, of the Bengal Presidency promoted to the British parliament the idea that sugar cane could grow in British India, where it had started, with many advantages and at less expense than in the West Indies. As a result, sugar factories were established in Bihar in eastern India.[46][47] During the Napoleonic Wars, sugar-beet production increased in continental Europe because of the difficulty of importing sugar when shipping was subject to blockade. By 1880 the sugar beet was the main source of sugar in Europe. It was also cultivated in Lincolnshire and other parts of England, although the United Kingdom continued to import the main part of its sugar from its colonies.[48]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar
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The Thiaroye Massacre: The colonial crime France doesn't want you to know about
It’s been nearly 80 years since hundreds of Black West African soldiers who fought for France’s freedom against Nazi Germany during WWII were killed in cold blood by their fellow white officers in Senegal.
Here's the story of the #Thiaroye massacre hosted by Greek-Egyptian presenter Ahmed Ghoneim
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXN_S9__PmI
Meanwhile in the Third Reich:
(https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41D1asjyHdL.jpg)
(https://d1w7fb2mkkr3kw.cloudfront.net/assets/images/book/lrg/9781/4538/9781453812693.jpg)
(https://n2.sdlcdn.com/imgs/b/n/h/Black-Nazis-III-Ethnic-Minorities-SDL524126728-1-5791a.jpg)
Why would any non-"white" ever fight for France considering that nations history and it's crimes against the non-Western world?
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The Original Karen - Colonial Nostalgia and Nairobi’s Out of Africa Industry
After Kenya declared independence from British rule in 1963, there came a flood of renamings. Schools, suburbs, and roads were rechristened in ways that spoke to a new idea of what it meant to be authentically Kenyan. In Nairobi, “Queens Way” became “Mama Ngina Street,” and roads named after the first four colonial commissioners were redesignated for African leaders: Dedan Kimathi, Muindi Mbingu, Daudi Dabasso Wabera, and Mbiyu Koinange, respectively.
One appellation that escaped the fate of the rest was “Karen” — the name of a Nairobi suburb, presumably christened for the Baroness Karen Blixen, the Danish writer also known as Isak Dinesen. Karen Estate lies seventeen kilometers west of the city centre and is one of a few Nairobi suburbs where tall jacarandas loom large, straddling long driveways onto huge mansions with plush gardens. It hosts diplomats, powerful business people, the upper strata of Kenya’s political class, expatriates, and much of Kenya’s privileged white, Asian, and Black populations.
Karen’s contemporary ethos was unintentionally revealed in a New York Times Style story about the suburb’s upscale boutiques in which every single shop-owner and fashion designer mentioned is a white woman, including the Swedish proprietor of a shop called “Bush Princess.” Karen, we learn, is “home to some of the city’s most intriguing and exclusive places to shop.” The two African women pictured, only one of them named, are both floor staff. The colonial undertones are even less veiled in a 1985 story in The Washington Post that devoted copious print inches to explaining the pains white homeowners in the “horsey suburb” took to protect their houses and “well-trimmed hedges” from Kenyan robbers. In Karen today, you can breakfast with the endangered Rothschild giraffes at Giraffe Manor, or adopt an elephant at the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust. And, of course, you can visit the Karen Blixen Museum, in the house where the baroness once lived.
Karen Blixen, a Danish aristocrat, moved to Kenya at the height of Empire, in 1913, with her new husband, 15,000 Danish crowns, and the intention to start a coffee farm. It was only later, after she returned to Denmark in 1931, that she gradually found fame as a writer. Her 1937 memoir, Out of Africa, offers a record of her time in Kenya, detailing her relationships with her lovers, her servants, and the two thousand “Natives” who lived on her farm. As Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o, the grand old man of Kenyan letters, later wrote, “As if in compensation for unfulfilled desires and longings, the baroness turned Kenya into a vast erotic dreamland in which her several white lovers appeared as young gods and her Kenyan servants as usable curs and other animals.”
Prior to the violence of colonialism, the 6,000 acres Blixen called her own had belonged to the very “Natives” about whom she rhapsodized in her memoir. Wanton theft is at the core of colonial Kenya, which the British established as a settlers’ frontier, parceling off land to European adventurers. The first batch of settlers received their land grants in 1902. It included British aristocrats like Lords Delamere, Hindlip, and Cranworth, who set the gold standard for a gilded countryside hunter lifestyle. Later, the British government expanded lease offerings and exempted settlers from the land tax, and in 1920, the protectorate officially became a colony. But coffee and cattle, the colonial industries of choice, were expensive to produce, and Kenya earned a reputation as a “big man’s frontier,” a place where only the extremely wealthy could afford to settle.
Read more: https://www.thedriftmag.com/the-original-karen/?utm_source=pocket-newtab
(https://www.thedriftmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Karen-Blixen-1952.jpg)
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The Opium Wars - Part 1: Foreign Mud
Part 1 of my new series on the infamous Opium Wars, when Britain and later other European empires and the United States fought a series of wars in China to gain control of that nation's trade and wealth. In this episode we examine how opium was smuggled into China, and how the First Opium War erupted with terrible consequences for China.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4heo4SObOM
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The colonialists are the ones that actually belong in a zoo. This documentary should have been titled: "This is What Happens When You Put the Wrong People in Zoos"....
Colonial crimes | DW Documentary
For more than a century, people were taken from their homelands and exhibited in human zoos. They were displayed alongside animals. This little known and deeply disturbing part of colonial history played an important part in the development of modern racism.
Between 1810 and 1940, nearly 35 thousand people were exhibited in world fairs, colonial exhibitions, zoos, freak shows, circuses and reconstructed ethnic villages in Europe, America and Japan. Some 1.5 billion visitors attended these events.
Using previously unpublished archive material this documentary traces how racism was constructed and disseminated in these so-called ‘human zoos’. Children, women and men were displayed like exotic animals, and ordered in a hierarchy of "races." They were cast as ‘Other’ in a manner that served to justify colonialism, and described as ‘savage’. It is a little known and deeply disturbing part of colonial history. Only a handful of the thousands of men and women recruited from the four corners of the Earth ever managed to tell their experiences. This documentary tells the story of six of them: Tambo, an Aboriginal from Australia; Kalina from French Guiana; Ota Benga, a Pygmy from Congo; and Marius Kaloïe, a Kanak from New Caledonia.
This documentary interviews historians and other experts to trace the connection between human zoos and racism.
This piece of human history becomes tangible through the biographies of six victims: Petite Capeline, an aboriginal of Tierra del Fuego; Tambo, an Australian aborigine; Moliko Kalina from French Guiana; Ota Benga, a pygmy from Congo; Jean Thiam, a Wolof from Senegal; and Marius Kaloie from New Caledonia. Their lives are portrayed in the historical context of the rise of the great colonial powers thanks to the work of historians and the help of their descendants. Analysis and commentary by knowledgeable experts also explore the origins of racism at the transition from supposedly scientific racism to everyday racism.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WFTSM8JppE