True Left

We welcome back nuclear power expert, Peter Bradford, former Nuclear Regulatory Commissioner and board member for the Union of Concerned Scientists to update us on the latest nuclear power boondoggles that force customers to pay for the construction of nuclear reactors sometimes decades before they benefit from any energy that�s produced. Plus, molecular biologist, Becky McClain, who got infected by a dangerous virus in her workplace, joins us to discuss her book, �Exposed: A Pfizer Scientist Battles Corruption, Lies, and Betrayal, and Becomes a Biohazard Whistleblower.�

Artificial intelligence - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

The field of AI research was founded at a workshop at Dartmouth College in 1956.[6] The attendees became the leaders of AI research in the 1960s.[t] They and their students produced programs that the press described as "astonishing": computers were learning checkers strategies, solving word problems in algebra, proving logical theorems and speaking English.[v][7] Artificial intelligence laboratories were set up at a number of British and U.S. universities in the latter 1950s and early 1960s.[361]

Researchers in the 1960s and the 1970s were convinced that their methods would eventually succeed in creating a machine with general intelligence and considered this the goal of their field.[368] In 1965 Herbert Simon predicted, "machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do".[369] In 1967 Marvin Minsky agreed, writing that "within a generation ... the problem of creating 'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved".[370]
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Up to this point, most of AI's funding had gone to projects that used high-level symbols to represent mental objects like plans, goals, beliefs, and known facts. In the 1980s, some researchers began to doubt that this approach would be able to imitate all the processes of human cognition, especially perception, robotics, learning and pattern recognition,[376] and began to look into "sub-symbolic" approaches.[377] Rodney Brooks rejected "representation" in general and focussed directly on engineering machines that move and survive. Judea Pearl, Lotfi Zadeh, and others developed methods that handled incomplete and uncertain information by making reasonable guesses rather than precise logic.[87][382] But the most important development was the revival of "connectionism", including neural network research, by Geoffrey Hinton and others.[383] In 1990, Yann LeCun successfully showed that convolutional neural networks can recognize handwritten digits, the first of many successful applications of neural networks.[384]

Herbert A. Simon - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Simon's father, Arthur Simon (1881�1948), was a Jewish[13] electrical engineer who came to the United States from Germany in 1903 after earning his engineering degree at Technische Hochschule Darmstadt.[14] An inventor, Arthur also was an independent patent attorney.[15] Simon's mother, Edna Marguerite Merkel (1888�1969), was an accomplished pianist whose Jewish, Lutheran, and Catholic ancestors came from Braunschweig, Prague and Cologne.[16]

Marvin Minsky - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Marvin Lee Minsky was born in New York City, to Henry, an eye surgeon, and Fannie (Reiser), a Zionist activist.[15][17][18] His family was Jewish.

Judea Pearl - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Judea Pearl was born in Tel Aviv, British Mandate for Palestine, in 1936 to Eliezer and Tova Pearl, who were Polish Jewish immigrants, grew up in Bnei Brak. His grandfather Chaim Pearl was one of Bnei Brak's founders.[8][9][10] He is a descendant of Menachem Mendel of Kotzk on his mother's side. After serving in the Israel Defense Forces and joining a kibbutz, Pearl decided to study engineering in 1956.

Lotfi A. Zadeh - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

his mother was Fanya (Feyga[21]) Korenman, a Jewish pediatrician from Odesa, Ukraine